Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Free Essays

string(93) principle hypotheses that helped with clearing the course to what he accepted was self-actualization. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and the Road to Self-Actualization PSY 330: Theories of Personality January 30th, 2012 Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs and the Road to Self-Actualization Abraham Maslow was an American scholar that was one of the promoters of humanistic brain science. He accepted that self-completion is â€Å"a circumstance that exists when an individual is acting as per their full potential† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). I will outline the key ideas of Maslow’s chain of importance of requirements of people, examine the approachs of his idea, and address how self-realization has conceptualized on this sort of character improvement. We will compose a custom paper test on Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now His commitment to humanistic brain research has helped self improvement lovers, teachers, and business owners the same. Maslow’s progressive system of need was one of the primary speculations that helped with clearing the course to what he accepted was self-realization. You read Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in classification Exposition models Since Positive respect aids the development of inspiration, there are sure fundamental useful needs that human needs, and Humans can satisfy their maximum capacity in a positive way. Who was Abraham H. Maslow? Abraham Maslow was conceived in Brooklyn, New York on April 1, 1908. His folks were workers from Russia who were poor and had six other youngsters after Abraham. He invested his energy for the most part without anyone else and jumped at the chance to peruse. Being that he was Jewish in a local that was not he felt miserable and forlorn. As a kid he had guardians that were genuinely and loudly harsh towards him and after some time he developed to have solid sentiments of contempt particularly for his mom. He in the long run presented appropriate reparations with his dad, however never did as such with his mom. When Maslow moved from City College of New York to Cornell University in 1927; first experience with Psychology was unexceptional, best case scenario. Maslow’s teacher Edward B. Tichener addressed â€Å"scientific introspection† that he saw as â€Å"cold and exhausting, and made him lose enthusiasm for brain science temporarily† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). After a year he returned to City College of New York. He went on to the University of Wisconsin where he got a Bachelor’s Degree in 1930, his Master’s Degree in 1931, and his Doctoral Degree in 1934. While living in Wisconsin, â€Å"Maslow wedded his first cousin and youth darling, Bertha Goodman, and they in the long run had two children† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). In the mid 1930’s, Maslow filled in as a Carnegie individual for year and a half under scholar Edward L. Thorndike. Thorndike’s hypotheses were like the investigations of scholars Pavlov and B. F. Skinner. He hypothesized â€Å"animal insight and applied creature to human instructive experiences† (Indiana. edu, 2012). Thorndike accentuation was on Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis. The kind of individuals he was keen on like Albert Einstein were individuals that had strong proof of them doing whatever they expected to do to accomplish their most noteworthy potential. Maslow saw their imaginative methods of inventiveness as one that should have been considered and inspected. All through the 1940’s and mid 1950’s he kept on fortifying his enthusiasm with individuals that he viewed as â€Å"self-actualizers, glancing back at history, he examined people, for example, Abraham Lincoln, Jane Adams, Albert Einstein and Albert Schweitzer† (strenghtfoundation. rg). By the late 1950’s, alongside Clark Moustakeas, who was another progressive analyst, set up â€Å"two gatherings that were held in Detroit among therapists who were keen on establishing an expert affiliation committed to an increasingly significant, increasingly humanistic vision† (strenghtfoundation. organization). This was the place the â€Å"Third Force†, Humanistic Psychology started to take structure. Numerous themes were examined that fell under a similar umbrella on how self-realization is showed and what were the structure squares of one’s inventiveness. Three years after the gatherings Brandels University supported the presentation of the â€Å"American Association for Humanistic Psychology† (strenghtfoundation. organization). This was the start of one of the momentous commitments to Psychology Abraham Maslow has done. Another way that Maslow has added to Psychology by ensuring through social affairs, gatherings, talks, and hypothesis that the matter of humanistic brain science is similarly as important and should have been instructed as that of Pavlov’s hypothesis of behaviorism and that of Freudian’s therapy hypothesis. As a prophet of human potential, Maslow accepted the acknowledgment of one’s absolute likely differently depicted as self-acknowledgment to be a definitive objective of all human kind† (Dhiman, 2007). He did this with broad research and by working with scholar that mutual similar interests, as Carl Rogers. He did his bit on instructing at a college, however immediately discovered that he didn't care for it definitely and had the understudies encourage the class as he checked. The occasions that he lectured the class, he posed inquiries that expand the skylines of how the understudy saw themselves later on. The inquiries were like â€Å"Who needs to be president? â€Å"Or an incredible composer†, and even a yearning to be a holy person? † (Dhiman, 2007). I accept this gave the understudies a stage to begin thinking about a more extensive planned for them and make what they expected to manufacture their inspiration to do and be whatever they can envision to be. This drive or push in their confidence is probably the most ideal approaches to feel like they are required and needed. As per a book composed and assessed by R.J Lowry, it was a gathering of eight articles that were composed by Maslow and his exploration on people and the â€Å"character structure†; one of the articles portrayed his â€Å"theory of human inspiration and his idea on the chain of importance of human needs† (Lowry, 1975). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human needs is one of his most well known speculations. Maslow’s point of convergence on his hypothesis of inspiration was the idea was that people have a lot of requirements. As indicated by our content, the â€Å"hierarchy of human needs is a plan of the requirements from most minimal to most noteworthy as far as their potency† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). see figure1). Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs [pic] Figure 1, Maslow Enhanced 2011. This figure outlines the different degrees of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs was one of the fundamental speculations that helped with clearing the course to what he accepted was self-realization. The most minimal piece of the pyramid is the Biological and Physiological needs. One would imagine that fundamental life needs like â€Å"air, food, drink, cover, warmth, and so forth , would be a basic need. How might we as people, have the option to live without it. To Maslow he didn’t take a gander at it that way. As per Maslow, brain science has overemphasized the significance of such needs in deciding the conduct of people in an advanced society; a person’s life can't be ruled by hunger or thirst† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). He was keen on comprehending what happens when the requirements of the physiological nature have been met. The second level on the pyramid is Safety Needs. Having a sense of security and secure methods such a great amount for some. Having that need manufactures a feeling of trust that everything will be okay. It is of extraordinary delight for people that can not stress over mischief. Crawling nearer to the top and in reality directly in the center is my top pick, Love Needs and Belongingness. This level fuses the need of fondness, connections, family, and so on. Making an association with an individual as well as gathering is a significant need to certain people. I’ve seen that the absence of this need has left a few people feeling forlorn and not having a feeling of direction. Sometimes, these people wound up being extremely discouraged. The fourth level that is nearest to the top and the second most significant level is Esteem Needs. As indicated by the Journal of Asset Management, regard needs are â€Å"the want for accomplishment, certainty to confront the world, autonomy, opportunity, the longing for notoriety and eminence, acknowledgment, consideration, and importance† (De Brouwer, 2009). I would believe that these are the requirements that one needs so as to assemble confidence. These requirements incorporate â€Å"respect, acknowledgment, and confidence† (strenghtfoundation. organization). Having this sort of need is significant in any unique of family, representatives, fellowship, and friendship. Feeling approved and a feeling of significance can be seen as extremely significant, it did to Maslow. He instructed that need with respect to regard needs â€Å"results in demoralization and sentiments of inferiority† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). The last and top level is self-completion. Self-completion â€Å"the most elevated level in the chain of command of necessities, which can be arrived at just if the previous need levels have been satisfactorily satisfied† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). This is the place the individual is living and being at their most elevated potential. The level depicts it as arriving at the need of self-improvement and satisfaction. As an understudy, I realize that I am doing whatever there is conceivable to arrive at this need. I did once with my activity. I felt that whatever task and additionally issue that I was given gave me the important apparatuses and assets to assist me with feeling that I was in good shape of accomplishing this very need. From that point forward I was laid off with many others. I have yet gotten a new line of work that I

The Definitive Strategy to American Legion Essay Contest Essay Samples

<h1> The Definitive Strategy to American Legion Essay Contest Essay Samples</h1> <p>1 way I'd prefer to help the destitute is you could set up a gathering for people to expand cash for destitute veterans. People will pay for tickets and will get in the gathering, where there will be a show and totally free food and entryway prizes. Present fags where required. </p> <p>It's conceivable to hear your whole family acting extremely sprightly. As you let them know with the news, their grins begin to adjust and they cry. They don't investigate at the person next to them to discover what they're doing to light their fire and believe that there's just a single technique to light it. </p> <p>Laws and rules are fundamental to the dependability of the country. You need to track with our principles. Rules have rights you should adhere to the guidelines so as to get rights. You need to know the standards of the game in order to be an arbitrator. </p> <p>All competitors need to present their paper electronically. Competitor's real costs won't be repaid. Neighborhood paper champs will be given a money grant. Precisely the same subject and discourse utilized in the office challenge must be used in the national challenge. </p> <p>It will be his second visit to the Nationals. There are 3 one of a kind open doors through o ur Plan of Action which you'll have the option to use to advance Americanism. Presently's an ideal opportunity to consider pursuing a Department Position. For more data in regards to the American Legion Oratorical program, connect with your locale American Legion Post or visit our National site. </p> <h2> Get the Scoop on American Legion Essay Contest Essay Samples Before You're Too Late</h2> <p>1 approach to stop veteran vagrancy is to help veterans secure extraordinary positions and homes. We'll manage them, and at a moderate cost, as we comprehend that understudies commonly don't have a lot of cash to save. Inadequate applications won't be thought of. These projects truly have any kind of effect in a large number of lives each year. </p> <p>Everybody has a voice in the manner in which the country is run, and the residents are similarly as essential as the pioneers of the country. Kirsten DeGeest We have to monitor our opportunity so we'll be a free country. You need to arrange a top and outfit to partake in the graduation service. Our banner is very significant and unique to us secure our banner is precisely the same as ensuring our country. </p> <h2>American Legion Essay Contest Essay Samples Secrets That No One Else Knows About </h2> <p>There are a lot of strategies to exhibit Americanism. Patriotism additionally includes indicating regard all the occasion, not simply on the Fourth of July. It was established on the possibility of majority rules system. Ensuring America isn't simply securing America the people are living in it. </p> <p>It isn't imperative to us, regardless of whether you're excessively occupied at work focusing on an enthusiasm undertaking, or just worn out on an apparently endless stream of assignments. At the point when you own a vocation and preparing, you can get a home. In case you will need help all the more rapidly you can oftentimes utilize our uniquely design ed creating supplier. Our client care will happily reveal to you whether there are any extraordinary proposals right now, alongside ensure you are getting the absolute best assistance our organization may deliver.</p> <p>We can say what we wish to state whenever we might want to state it. With every one of these veterans without homes simply part of assessments won't be adequate. </p> <h2> The 5-Minute Rule for American Legion Essay Contest Essay Samples </h2> <p>Thoughtlessly playing out these activities brings about an oddity of unimaginative thoughts and too little decent variety. If you don't mind contact Coach K should you have any contentions. These are a couple of approaches to support our enduring fighters. On the off chance that an individual doesn't cling to the law, the person going to confront minor to genuine results. </p> <h2>New Questions About American Legion Essay Contest Essay Samples </h2> <p>Keep as a to p priority your purchasing arranged advertisements offers you a wide readership, and supporting the Beat. You may likewise make sure about various limits on our site which will assist you with saving some more cash for future requests or anything you need to spend them on. The choices are interminable and the results are reverberating. The following are thoughts for all of these chances. </p>

Whats Making Me Happy Week 2

What’s Making Me Happy Week 2 Historical What If Subreddit Week 1:  Spider-Man, Nina Yuen, and More! Historical What If Subreddit The concept is simple, users ask the question What if x piece of history was different and the more historically inclined Redditors construct an argument, with sources, about what would have happened. Here are a few of my favorite questions. How would modern American football players fare in an ancient world? What if Afghanistan was never invaded by the United Front and the Taliban regime continued to conquer all of Afghanistan? What would allow the Roman Empire to last until today? TableTop Crowdfunds $1m+ A few months back I discovered the Geek And Sundry Youtube series of TableTop and I fell in love. Every week Wil Wheaton would gather a few of his celebrity friends and play a new Board/Card/Role-Playing game. The show was funny, the games were interesting, and it helped kindle a deep love of TableTop gaming. I burnt through all of the episodes in about a week or two and word on the street was that they were going to try to Crowdfund season 3. After a few weeks of doing just that, theyve exceeded their goals and will be able to make 20 episodes and a Role-Playing Game show. I cant wait! Youtubers Fighting For Net Neutrality Net Neutrality is a topic that Ive been closely following for a while now. The decision that the FCC makes will have a large impact on my future career and its nice to see Youtubers spreading the word. Complexity Theory A few weeks back I started taking Complexity Theory and it has quickly risen through the ranks of my favorite classes this year. Every lecture has been better than the one before and the world of P vs. NP is slowly making sense. Apologies for breaking the Zaxxon rule with this one but its been a while since a series of lectures was this interesting. Click HERE  for a nice ELI10 of the problem. The First Law Trilogy After reading through The Name of the Wind/A Wise Mans Fear during Christmas break I started looking around for more fantasy books to fill my time and picked up The Blade Itself (Book 1 of The First Law trilogy). Whereas most of the books I loved before coming to MIT were Young Adult I decided to move to the more mature end of the spectrum. Ive been reading The Blade Itself sporadically since December but it was becoming increasingly difficult to remember names or whats going on. So lately Ive been waking up a little bit early to read every morning and I absolutely love the book. And with that Ill finish asking you guys a simple question, whats making you happy this week?

Acca P7 Notes - 24991 Words

ACCA Paper P7 (INT) Advanced Audit Assurance Class Notes December 2011 Lecturer: Contents INTRODUCTION TO THE PAPER 2 CHAPTER 1 – REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 3 CHAPTER 2 – PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8 CHAPTER 3 – PRACTICE MANAGEMENT 13 CHAPTER 4 – ASSIGNMENTS I: THE AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 16 CHAPTER 5 – ASSIGNMENTS II: GROUP AUDITS 42 CHAPTER 6 – AUDIT REPORTS AND OTHER REPORTS 45 CHAPTER 7 – ASSIGNMENTS III: OTHER ASSIGNMENTS 57 CHAPTER 8 – CURRENT ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS 63 INTRODUCTION TO THE PAPER AIM OF THE PAPER The aim of the paper is to apply relevant knowledge, skills and exerciseprofessional judgement in analysing, evaluating and concluding and reporting onthe assurance engagement†¦show more content†¦There is just one area that is important enough to get a brief mention in these notes: Audit Committees Audit Committees have been a requirement for US listed companies since the1970s, and are also part of the UK Corporate Governance Code.Audit Committees are a sub-committee of the Board of Directors, and are typicallymade up only of Independent Non-Executive Directors. Their main roles: ââ€" To oversee the company’s financial reporting, internal control systems, andrisk management processes. ââ€" To help appoint and monitor the performance of the internal audit function.ââ€"  To improve the independence of internal audit (e.g. by considering thebenefits of outsourcing it). ââ€" To act as the main contact point for external auditors, to improve their independence. ââ€" To suggest a firm of external auditors. ââ€" To monitor the quality of both internal and external audit work. MONEY LAUNDERING AND THE AUDITOR Definition The process by which criminals attempt to hide the true source of their funds in an attempt to make it look like their funds have come from legitimate sources. Inmany countries, the definition is even broader, and possessing or transferring theproceeds of ANY crime can be money laundering.For example, breaching health and safety regulations in order to save money makes the company a money launderer – it possesses the cost savings, and these were saved byShow MoreRelatedQuestions On The Importance Of Auditor Independence2598 Words   |  11 Pagesand free from any material misstatements. True and Fair does not mean that the accounts are 100% accurate but it means that the auditors assumptions are reasonable. After the completion of Audit process the audited accounts are published with the notes to Statement of Financial Positions which has been approved by auditors. (Trueandfair website, 2014) 3. Importance of Auditor Independence: External Auditors are key to any organisation. They can build your business credibility in the market and theyRead MoreAudit Approach1484 Words   |  6 Pagesstatement/profit and loss account items. The justification for this approach is the notion that 42 student accountant February 2008 technical a risk-based approach to auditing financial statements relevant to CAT Paper 8 (UK) and (INT) and ACCA Qualification Papers F8 and P7 (UK) and (INT) if the relevant management assertions for all balance sheet (statement of financial position) accounts are tested and verified, then the profit/loss figure reported for the accounting period will not be materially misstatedRead MoreACCA Paper F8 Slides7431 Words   |  30 PagesACCA COURSE NOTES June 2014 Examinations Paper F8 Audit and Assurance (INTERNATIONAL) Please spread the word about OpenTuition, so that all ACCA students can benefit. ONLY with your support can the site exist and continue to provide free study materials! OpenTuition Course Notes can be downloaded FREE from http://opentuition.com Copyright belongs to OpenTuition.com - please do not support piracy by downloading from other websites. Visit opentuition.com for the latest updates, watch free videoRead MoreRegulation Standardising Accounting Practice8632 Words   |  35 Pagesshould not be added to consolidated earnings. 4. In rare circumstances, treasury stock may be considered an asset of the firm, but dividends on such chares should not be considered as revenue. Chapter 5, p2 5. Officers’, ‘affiliates’, and employees’ notes receivable should be separately disclosed. The listing of these principles marked the beginning of the attempts by the profession to regulate the practice of accounting. It was the start of moves by the profession to establish a regime of self-regulation

William Paley And David Hume - 1260 Words

Intelligent by Design Written by Alexander Staggs-Vargas One of the most prominent philosophical arguments that remains today is the debate on the existence of God or an Intelligent Designer. This debate dates back a time of many Gods and deities during the era of Socrates, Plato and their students, including Aristotle. This discussion will focus on the differing works of authors William Paley and David Hume and I will argue that there is an Intelligent Designer for our universe. William Paley believes in the existence of God and that through his watchmaker analogy in â€Å"Natural Theology† he can prove that there is an Intelligent Designer. David Hume addresses William Paley’s argument in â€Å"Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion† and argues Paley’s analogy is weak since Hume believes we cannot analogize earthly things from things we cannot understand. In this paper, I will address these teleological arguments. To begin, we need to understand Paley’s teleological arg ument that we are products of an Intelligent Designer. He argues that: â€Å"1) Human artifacts are products of intelligent design and we have a purpose; 2) The universe resembles these human artifacts; 3) Due to the similarities, it is probable that the universe is also a product of intelligent design; 4) However, the universe is vastly more complex and gigantic than a human artifact; and, 5) Therefore, it is most logical that a powerful and vastly intelligent designer created the universe.† Paley’s teleologicalShow MoreRelatedEssay The Teleological Argument1368 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Paley and David Hume’s argument over God’s existence is known as the teleological argument, or the argument from design. Arguments from design are arguments concerning God or some type of creator’s existence based on the ideas of order or purpose in universe. 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Mixture Solids Free Essays

Fawn Lovell February 25, 2013 Lab#2 Separation of Mixture of Solids PURPOSE The purpose of this lab was to understand the steps involved in separation of multiple solids and how to proceed in the separation of iron filings, sand, table salt and benzoic acid. DATA SEPERATION OF MIXTURE OF SOLIDS | |DATA TABLE | | |GRAMS |PERCENT OF MATERIAL | |IRON FILINGS |1. | | |SAND |1. We will write a custom essay sample on Mixture Solids or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 | | |TABLE SALT |UNKNOWN LAB WAS COMPROMISED **** |UNKNOWN LAB WAS | | | |COMPROMISED*** | |BENZOIC ACID |. | | |TOTAL |3. 3 total for the above available count | | ****while mixture of water and table salt were evaporating in the cupboard in-law accidently spilt out of container it was in so test amount was never able to be done*** OBSERVATIONS The separation of material for the iron filings were to get out of the mixture even though a few passes had to be done to make sure all of them were out. The experiment to extract the sand, table salt and benzoic was slightly difficult of a process and with only one test material available the lab was not able to done correctly. The process to get the sand and the Benzoic acid was easily accomplished but even four days of evaporation time to get the distilled water to evaporate to the grams of table salt would be available there had been no evaporation and then the experimental incident with the spillage of the salt/distilled water . CALCULATIONS Unable to complete due to percentage of table salt not found due to accidental spilling of distilled water and table salt left in cup to determine appropriate percentages between all substances. CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION The experiment to find how to extract multiple materials out of one sample was a long and difficult process to this researcher. The flow chart was helpful in understanding the steps but when the experiment was conducted it was not as simple. There were plenty of iron filings and with the strength of the magnet provided took multiple passes to retrieve all of them out of the mixture. The benzoic acid crystals in the cold bath went better than expected and was the researcher was surprised how many crystals were obtained out of the original mixture. The hardest was to obtain the salt grams and percentage, the evaporation time was to short and with the invalidation due to an experimental accident was never obtained and the experiment was never completed correctly. What the researcher has learned from this experiment is to better allocate time, understanding evaporation time and to make sure experiments that need to take time to complete are stored in a better location. QUESTIONS A. How did your procedures or flow charts at the beginning of this experiment compare to the actual procedures of this lab exercise? The procedural flow chart that was designed to extract all the mixture followed the lab experiment, however possibly a slightly bigger magnet could have been used for the iron filings, they were hard to extract all of them and also the procedure to obtain the salt might have been designed better so days would not have been involved since the experiment had a time limit and evaporation can take weeks. B. Discuss potential advantages or disadvantages of your proposed procedure compared to the one actually used. The advantage of using a flow chart procedure is to show how you are going to conduct the experiment so other researchers can follow the same steps as the previous researcher so if experimental errors occur the researcher can go back to what step might have been done incorrectly. C. How would you explain a sand recovery percentage that is higher than the original sand percentage? The sand recovery percentage that is higher from the original sand percentage might be from not letting it dehydrate all the way and could still hold the potential of water molecules in it. D. What were potential source of error in this experiment? The potential sources of error could possibly be from not extracting all the mixture out of the sample, evaporation of the distilled water and as in this researchers case having the material being accidently spilled. How to cite Mixture Solids, Papers

Tailoring Your Strategy To Fit The Cult Essay Example

Tailoring Your Strategy To Fit The Cult Essay In this article, I will discuss three aspects of global strategy: the companys mission, villous and Identity, brand strategies, and ammunitions. Drawing upon Egger Hypotheses dimensions of national culture (see Five Cultural Dimensions) and my own extensive research and consultancy work, I will consider ten convergence Ana Leverage AT consumer behavior across countries, in order to help managers better understand the relationship between culture and strategy. Recognizing the differences will lead to increased efficiency in a companys global marketing effort and will ultimately condition the success of any multinational enterprise. Mission, Vision Corporate Identity A crucial element in the strategic planning of any organization starts with its mission statement, an explicit formulation of what a company stands for, and linked to this, a vision statement indicating where the company wants to be in the future, sometimes expressed as its strategic intent. Mission and vision should give focus to everyone who is involved with the company, be it directly (employees) or indirectly (shareholders). This document is authorized for use only by Nail Wises at until May 2014. Canons corporate philosophy of kisses. Apart from the collectivist values such statements express, they also indicate a high degree of power distance, as in the case of Toyota, whose mission is headed: Message from Top Management. Also, contrast Microsofts mission, To help people and business throughout the world to realize their full potential, with Philips to Improve the quality of peoples lives through timely introduction of meaningful innovations. The former reflects the Anglo-Saxon value of self-actualization, while the latter reflects the quality-of-life preferences ore in keeping with the Dutch character. In all these cases, it is vital that a company review its mission statement in light of its own cultural Dallas. A companys blew AT Itself ultimately rennets ten values AT Its leaders and if these values are not shared across cultures, then stakeholders elsewhere may have difficulties identifying with the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Tailoring Your Strategy To Fit The Cult specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tailoring Your Strategy To Fit The Cult specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tailoring Your Strategy To Fit The Cult specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A truly global company would include values that are shared by more cultures than Just its own. Based on its mission and vision, a company then distills its corporate identity, which also reveals its core values. Usually the task of creating a corporate identity begins with the election of an appropriate corporate name. Other factors that contribute to corporate identity include the logo of the organization and marketing communications. All this, including language, lettering and associations, is logically a reflection of the home country of the organization. The British communications consultant Nicholas Mind has defined corporate identity as an organizations identity in its sense of self, much like our own individual sense of identity. Consequently, it is unique. If we consider this definition carefully, we see that it is, in fact, a culturally bound concept. First, the quality of uniqueness resonates primarily with individualistic cultures. Furthermore, the insistence by many organizations that there be worldwide consistency of all the elements of corporate ID, so that the company is perceived universally, again derives from Western notions. In reality, corporate identity translates differently in different parts of the world. Sticking to uniqueness and consistency in corporate identity can be counterproductive, YOU Although the concept of the mission and vision are Western inventions, the practice has been universally embraced by companies worldwide. Providing a statement that expresses a companys strategic intent, its philosophy, values, ethics or operational effectiveness has become standard global management practice. Yet closer analysis of such statements reveals telling differences in content and form across the world.

Social Learning Theories and Juvenile Delinquency essays

Social Learning Theories and Juvenile Delinquency essays One of the major problems of youth today is the issue of juvenile delinquency in society. Murder, rape, motor vehicle theft, robbery, aggravated assault, larceny, arson, and burglary are acts of violence that are steadily rising due to juveniles taking part in committing these acts violence. As years continue to pass, there has been enormous concern of how parents, police, counselors, teachers, and friends feel that the ability to control or stop juvenile acts of violence is slowly slipping away over time and are desperately trying to alter behavioral patterns that continue into these dangerous ways of life. Before attempting to determine the cause for this specific kind of behavior, consideration has to be given to the area of location, background of an individual, family pattern, and life at home as these variables affect how a child is raised and how they react to violence. So, to get an understanding of why juveniles participate in violence and act the way they do, it is important to explore the social theories of learning. These theories include four different techniques in understanding deviant behavior. They are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, differential association, and differential reinforcement and should help society get a better feel of the negative behavioral patterns and thoughts of our youth and should hopefully change the way future generations carry out their everyday lives. The first social learning theory that is important to the study of delinquency is the classical conditioning theory. This is an automatic type of learning where individuals develop responses to certain stimuli that are not naturally occurring in the environment. The theory also states that if a person commits a carefully calculated crime, the result is that the individual experiences more pleasure than pain. Ivan Pavlov was a physiologist who attempted to prove this theory by con...

Common Grammatical Errors Passover Readings and the Singular “They”

Common Grammatical Errors Passover Readings and the Singular â€Å"They† God and Grammar This week I am spending Passover with my family.   Perhaps inspired by the season, I picked up the newsletter that comes from Kolot Chayeinu (â€Å"Voices of Our Lives), the synagogue I used to attend in Brooklyn, New York. I read it cover to cover for the first time in months. It won’t surprise you that a grammatical issue leapt up at me from the pages of the newsletter.   Kathryn Conroy of Kolot Chayeinu writes about the open nature of this progressive congregation: â€Å"The person who prays because they believe that God will personally make a difference in their daily life is not the least bit threatened by the person standing next to them who does not believe in God at all.† The Singular â€Å"They† Did you spot the issue in Kathryn’s sentence?   It has become common for writers to refer to a single person, who could be of either gender, as a â€Å"they.† This â€Å"singular they† construction is grammatically problematic.   Clearly one person does not qualify as a â€Å"they,† â€Å"their† or â€Å"them† (all of which were used in Kathryn’s prose).   Yet we refer, perhaps lazily, or even sloppily, to singles as multiples – because it would be challenging or awkward to be grammatically rigorous. My uncle once created a neutral pronoun for just this situation:   fub.   It didn’t catch on. So at least for now, we’re still stuck with a lack of a non-gendered singular personal pronoun in the English language. Given the current state of affairs and my discomfort with the use of the singular â€Å"they,† I’ve decided to take on the challenge of improving upon the sentence from Kolot Chayeinu’s newsletter.   How would I write this sentence to avoid grammatical detention? Rewriting the Sentence One possibility is: â€Å"The person who prays because he or she believes that God will personally make a difference in his or her daily life is not the least bit threatened by the person standing next to him or her who does not believe in God at all.† Hmmm†¦Ã‚   not so great. Stilted, right? This is exactly the type of sentence Ms. Conroy was avoiding. Next option:   Gender the language.   Here’s what it looks like: â€Å"The woman who prays because she believes that God will personally make a difference in her daily life is not the least bit threatened by the man standing next to her who does not believe in God at all.† I was surprised to discover that this sentence is much more powerful than the original – poignant even in addition to being grammatically sound.   An image is conjured of an actual woman and man standing next to each other praying, rather than of some vague or possible scenario. Third option:   Make it Plural â€Å"Congregation members who pray because they believe that God will personally make a difference in their daily lives are not the least bit threatened by those standing next to them who do not believe in God at all.† This sentence is grammatically correct, though in my opinion it doesnt pack the punch of the gendered option. The Essay Expert is a Traditionalist My vote for Kathryn’s sentence is to use a gendered version. And I prefer even the somewhat stilted language of the rigorously neutral option to the grammatically incorrect original. However, I am a traditionalist. The grammar books don’t necessarily agree with me. Not every situation lends itself to gendered language as well as does Kathryn’s sentence. Sometimes our choice is between the â€Å"singular they† and a stilted â€Å"he/she† in order to avoid politically incorrect gendered language.   And sometimes making the subject plural does the trick quite gracefully. My practice in these situations is to pluralized the subject or to use â€Å"he or she† rather than â€Å"they.† Or, if there are repeated references to a non-gendered â€Å"person† or â€Å"someone† in a piece of prose, I might alternate between the masculine and feminine pronouns.   When in doubt, I err on the side of feminine pronouns. After all, there are hundreds of years of usage of the traditional â€Å"he† to balance things out. Wikipedia Speaks Here’s what Wikipedia reports on the acceptability of the singular â€Å"they†: There has been considerable debate as to the acceptability of singular they. Regarding usage, The Chicago Manual of Style notes: On the one hand, it is unacceptable to a great many reasonable readers to use the generic masculine pronoun (he) in reference to no one in particular. On the other hand, it is unacceptable to a great many readers either to resort to nontraditional gimmicks to avoid the generic masculine (by using he/she or s/he, for example) or to use they as a kind of singular pronoun. Either way, credibility is lost with some readers. With the 14th edition (1993), the Manual briefly revised its neutral stance to actually recommend singular use of they and their, noting a revival of this usage and citing its venerable use by such writers as Addison, Austen, Chesterfield, Fielding, Ruskin, Scott, and Shakespeare. However, regret regarding that printing is expressed at its website; and with the current 15th edition (2003), it has returned to its original neutral position. The 2011 translation of the New International Version Bible utilizes singular they instead of he or he or she, refelecting [sic] changes in English usage. The translators commissioned a study of modern English usage and determined that singular they (them/their) is by far the most common way that English-language speakers and writers today refer back to singular antecedents such as whoever,anyone,somebody,a person,no one, and the like. Your Turn What’s your opinion about how to handle the â€Å"singular they†?   Do you have any sample sentences to send me as a challenge?   Do you see any other ways to write Kathryn’s sentence?   And wouldn’t you love to be part of a community where the openness Kathryn describes is a reality? Category:Grammar Writing TipsBy Brenda BernsteinApril 18, 2011 14 Comments Nancy Anderson says: April 19, 2011 at 8:04 am Happy Passover Brenda, I have always stumbled with the singular they and have used the he/she instead. It would make it so much easier to use Kathryns version as it would save all the rewrite time. I like how you are going to use feminine pronouns because he has been used for so many years. I think I will do the same. Its about time! Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 19, 2011 at 8:47 am Happy Passover to you too Nancy! What I really am getting from this conversation is that there is no true right or wrong way to do it. We can choose the way that works best for the situation! I always like it when this happens. Log in to Reply Kristin Johnson says: April 19, 2011 at 10:00 am Happy Passover! Thank you for tackling this irksome subject! Ive grown up believing the singular they was just wrong. Back in high school, which was awhile ago, I was taught to use one in these situations, but evidently this in now passe. I miss it! It was such a convenient solution to the dilemma. Can we create a movement for its comeback? Hope I see you around town when you get back! -Kristin Log in to Reply Linda says: April 20, 2011 at 4:48 pm Happy Passover Brenda! Great post! I, too, am often troubled when I see they used for one person. My resolution has been to insert s/he or refer to him/her as you have done in a sense. Or to rewrite a sentence to make they and them fit better. I like the way you address this topic. Another grammatical issue I was taught when in school was the use of there when starting a sentence. My professor hated it and adamantly taught us to rewrite a sentence to prevent such construction. Since college, however, it seems this has become passe as I have seen many editors begin sentences with There without second thoughts and often justify it. Instead of debating the issue, I merely ensure my writing does not include such usage. What is your thought on this? Also, since we are talking grammatical, I noticed a typo in the second sentence of the second paragraph. Looks like the third word was not omitted upon a rewrite of the sentence. Enjoy your time with family and have a great weekend! Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 21, 2011 at 4:06 pm Hi Nancy, thank you for raising the issue of starting a sentence with there. I am comfortable with that usage, e.g., There are many things to be grateful for in life! Sometimes using there to start a sentence is superfluous, e.g., instead of There are many people who disagree with that rule, say Many people disagree with that rule. Thank you for catching my proofreading oversight. It has been corrected! And thank you for the holiday wishes. Im having a wonderful time and look forward to attending the Clearwater Generations concert tomorrow night! Log in to Reply Penelope J. says: April 22, 2011 at 10:59 pm Hi Brenda and Happy Passover! I never had this problem until I came to the U.S. and was doing phone research. The questionnaires were full of grammatical errors and this one, in particular, using they to refer to a singular stuck in my throat. I tried to substitute it verbally with he/she or him/her, but if it looks stilted in writing (except for business letters/reports), it sounded worse when spoken. I love the solution that you gave above, which may require a bit more consideration, but as you said, makes the sentence much more powerful. I have several other grammatical peeves that are becoming more common such as using a instead of an and that instead of who. My English teacher must be turning in her grave at the way the English language is being distorted and rules flagrantly dismissed. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 23, 2011 at 1:12 am Thanks Penelope. Another solution is to use plurals, since we do have a gender-neutral plural third person pronoun. I am with you on the who vs. that issue, though there is debate about whether it is incorrect to refer to people as that. Definitely a topic for me to tackle in the future. The use of a instead of and occurs more in speech than in written communication, as far as I can tell. We live in a constantly evolving world of language and things that were not acceptable even a couple of years ago are now the norm. Log in to Reply Penelope J. says: April 22, 2011 at 11:02 pm Gosh, did I make a mistake when I wrote, Hi Brenda and Happy Passover, as if the latter was also a person! Obviously, it should have read: Hi Brenda. Happy Passover! A mistake in my very first comment about grammatical correctness. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 23, 2011 at 12:53 am Hi Penelope, I would not have noticed that mistake if you hadnt pointed it out! Good catch. I saw one other thing in this recent post, however: I would suggest writing as if the latter *were* also a person. This is an example of the subjunctive tense and I will put it on my list for blog articles in the future! Heres one site I found that addresses the issue: https://www.ceafinney.com/subjunctive/guide.html Thanks so much for your comments Penelope! Log in to Reply Ann Mullen says: April 23, 2011 at 4:39 pm Good afternoon, I would also suggest the following: People who pray because they. . . are not the least threatened by the person standing next to them . . . . I struggle with the singular they when I read it so I often use he or she, or vary the gender of the person in different sentences or different paragraphs. I dont do it consistently because then I appear too worried about the sex of the subjects and not as concerned about my topic. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 23, 2011 at 6:49 pm Hi Ann, yes Ive been thinking that I should add to my article the option of making the subject plural. In this particular example I still like the gendered language because of the picture it draws. I agree that in many instances, however, pluralizing is the best solution! Log in to Reply Paula Lee Bright says: April 25, 2011 at 4:14 am As I mentioned earlier, I am a sinner to the -nth degree! Yes, using they and their bother me when referring to a singular person But Ive decided that readability and the comfort of my readers is more important to me than being grammatically correct. It still galls me. But I go with it! My blog for parents of kids who cant read is as conversational as I can make it, and my personal blog is truly me to you in its style. So even though the purist in my still lives!- I have adapted and accept what people feel most comfortable with. Because quite honestly, none of my readers choose me for my grammar. They choose me because what I have to say resonates in their (!-hey, but it was plural!) lives. Ill always grimacebut then Ill write just as I would speak to them. And the English perfectionist in me be damned! (Did you notice how many incomplete sentences I used? I feel sure you did. 😉 ) Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 25, 2011 at 10:08 am Great comment Paula, and it reminds us that we write for our audience. If the audience expects a particular type of language, it is our job as writers to give it to them. When Im on the streets of Brooklyn, I ask people if they know where the laundromat is at. Anything else would just sound weird. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 30, 2011 at 4:58 pm Thank you for your additional option of using the second person. In the example at hand, it would not work in exactly the language you offered since the author is describing a scenario that occurs in a congregation. However, it could read, â€Å"At Kolot Chayeinu, if you pray because you believe that God will personally make a difference in your daily life, those around you will not be the least bit threatened even if they do not believe in God at all.† Log in to Reply

Decision makin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decision makin - Essay Example This section reports on decision to implement an e-supply chain by Jaguar Land Rover through analysis of sources of information for making the decision, evaluation of the available information, and explains appropriate communication of the information to help managers in making the decision. Available sources of information Multiple sources of information exist for making decision on application of e-supply chain by Jaguar Land Rover. The company’s customers form the first source of information. As the end user of the products, the customers determine the quantity of products to be availed at different points of a supply chain at given times. The customers’ locations and preferences also influence decisions on supply chains for utility objectives. Competitors are another set of information source as they determine competitiveness of the industry. Based on customers’ preferred choice of supply chain and trend in demand, information on competitors’ supply ch ains is necessary in determining the most suitable option that can gain Jaguar Land Rover an advantage over the competitors. Competitors’ intentions for new approaches to supply chain are another source of information for planning purposes. Another source of information for the decision is professional bodies and experts who can offers vast information of financial and legal scope of available supply chain options. Financial information involves cost of installation and implementation of different supply chain alternatives and information on legal scopes include rights and liabilities that can emanate from implementation of available supply chain options and involved contracts. Other sources of information include â€Å"industry and trade associations,† â€Å"conferences and trips, superiors and board members† and other members of the organization (Auster and Choo 1994, p. 211). Analysis of available information through decision-making models One of the availabl e information about the company is its ownership that exclusively belongs to TATA and which means that TATA’s interest must be incorporated in the decision making process. Jaguar Land Rover is also a major player in the competitive motor vehicle industry, a position that identifies competitors, their initiatives, and potential supply chain alternatives as significant information. The company’s target market that is the set of luxurious consumers who are majorly dignitaries and the royal class is also significant to the decision making process. Jaguar Land Rover has also witnessed expanding market in the international scope. Stakeholders’ interest in the company’s operations such as workers’ job safety and impact of the company’s operations on the economy are other fundamental information for the decision because the stakeholders have power, both directly and indirectly, to influence the management’s decision to implement or rescind of fered recommendations on e-supply chain for the company (Mottram and Pierron n.d., n.p.). Analysis using the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART technique) The Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique, also referred to as SMART techniques for decision-making, offers a basis for analyzing the company’s available information. The decision making model depends on variables’ values and chances of occurrences upon which weights are attached to variables and cumulative values for each alternative determined for decision. The first step in implementing the decision model is

The current learning methods and advantages of ICT in subject-based Essay

The current learning methods and advantages of ICT in subject-based classes - Essay Example Students themselves find it convenient to use ICT to learn rather than traditionally attending lessons. Moreover, developments in ICT like the virtual field trip are also highly appreciated and are enhancing the learning of students in subject based lessons. Information Technology is a revolution of contemporary times. It is a concept, a term which has changed the way this world functions and integrates itself into one unit. Defining information technology is a complex task because it encompasses so many things and its scope is so huge that it is difficult to simplify and state. If we try to define information technology in a very comprehensive and compact way, we can say that it is concerned with everything regarding computer-based information systems, especially with the software and hardware that are used to help them function. The software applications and computer hardware that are used to support all these computer systems form a major part of this study. Moreover, whether we think of the study, their design, their further development, the implementation and use, them being support systems in many fields or their effective management, it all lies in the term information technology. Information is the most valuable intangible asset that can be possessed by an individual, a team or a big corporation. Information technology is that revolution in science which allows for this information to be safely kept by these people. It deals and places high importance on the efficient and effective use of this information through helping its conversion, proper storage, first-class protection, relevant processing depending on the type of information, its transmittal to the correct person and timely retrieval. It does all these steps ensuring and making the informations security its top priority. Our research paper has its topic "Advantages of ICT". ICT stands for Information and Communications Technology. This

Anglo American Model Of Corporate Governance Finance Essay

Anglo American Model Of Corporate Governance Finance Essay Corporate Governance Models In many countries, companies are run mostly for the benefit of the shareholders, the rightful owners 0. However, there are circumstances in which the corporation is also run for the benefit of other interest groups such as customers and employees or the general public at large -1. This is the substantive difference between the two primary models of corporate governance namely the outsider model, which is used in Anglo-American countries such as the United States or United Kingdom 1 and the insider model, which is used predominantly in European countries such as Germany or France 4343. The outsider model, also known as the Anglo American model of corporate governance because it is predominantly used in Anglo American states like the United States and United Kingdom, is consistent with the narrow definition of corporate governance in that it has a bias towards shareholders over other stakeholders in the corporation 2. This bias is justified on the premise that in most instances, other stakeholders have recourse to protect their interests through contractual agreement, whereas the shareholder remains unprotected as corporate decisions and activities cannot be predicted in advance 3. Since the shareholders carry the risk of the investment decisions made by the corporation, it is argued they should have the primary say in corporate governance. The justification for this ideology is that the primary function of a corporation is the creation of wealth 4. Permitting corporations to focus on profit maximizations as their primary function ensures that businesses create economic growth as oppose to dealing with social considerations which distract them from this objective. It has been argued that directors are not sufficiently experienced in balancing social interests with economic ones and as a result to require them to do so would result in an inefficient system, which would not promote the economic welfare of the market. The Anglo American model starkly contrasts to the stakeholder-oriented approach which is commonly associated with European countries such as Germany and France 5. Under this model, corporations must not only take into account the interest of shareholders but also those of a wide range of constituencies, as well as of the communities within which they operate 6. This helps to assure that corporations operate for the benefit of society as a whole and not solely in the interests of its shareholders. Such a system places less emphasis on the interests of shareholders for the benefit of the wider community 7. There are several characteristics which distinguish the Anglo American model from the stakeholder-oriented approach. Those unique to the Anglo American model are discussed below. Responsibility for Corporation Management The effective functioning of a corporation is dependent on the interrelationship and interaction of its various institutions 1. These institutions consist of the board of directors, the executive management and shareholders 2. The shareholders of the corporation are the owners who have financially invested in the corporation and the board of directors, as well as executive management, are responsible for the operation of the corporation 3 . The Anglo American models primary focus is on maximising profits for the benefit of its shareholders 4. This model does not facilitate input into the corporations affairs by other parties nor does it permit the managers of the corporation to prioritize issues, such as employees or the environment, unless they are compatible with the profitability of the corporation 5. The executive management is charged with the responsibility of operating the company with the view to maximising shareholder profit. The essential role of the management team, who is lead by the corporations Chief Executive Officer (CEO), is to perform the day-to day operations of the corporation 5555. The CEO plays a critical role in administering the companys affairs. The CEO chooses the management team and, from a practical perspective, has the final say in many issues relating to the corporation despite the provisions of many corporate statutes and procedures. The Board exists primarily to be an effective corporate governance mechanism for hiring, firing, monitoring and compensating management 6666. The Board, by legislation and corporate by-laws, are delegated a wide variety of responsibilities which enable them to set the companys main objectives and monitor their application by the executive management. The Board of Directors is therefore the main organ of the company and acts as agents for its owners by supervising the actions of the managers. There are two popular forms of boards of directors namely, the unitary (one-tier) and dual (two-tier) boards 6. The Anglo American model favours the unitary board 7. Under this system of management, the number of directors is usually set in the corporations by-laws and they are elected by the shareholders at the AGM for a set period of time, normally a one year term 8. The Board consists of executive directors (EDs), who are considered employees of the corporation, and non-executive directors (NEDs), who tend to be professionals or experts that are independent of the corporation 9. While an EDs sole responsibility is to increase profits for the shareholders, there is a potential risk that their interests may conflict with those of the corporation 10. The function of NEDs is to strike a balance between the interest of the shareholders and EDs 11. As independent third parties, they should have no conflict of interest and are therefore equipped to monitor the performance of the EDs impa rtially to the benefit of the shareholders should EDs try to deviate from their principal objective. The success of the Anglo American model is dependent on the extent to which the Board can effectively supervise the actions of the executive management 12. While legislation and regulations seek to ensure a balance between the two entities, in practice the executive management is by far more powerful than the Board 13. The nature of publicly held companies is that the executive management has a great deal of flexibility in determining how they discharge their responsibilities in attaining the objectives of the corporation 14. To encourage them to do so, they are more often than not enticed with substantial compensation packages with performance based remuneration. It has been argued that such compensation packages encourage the executive management to concentrate on short term results as oppose to the companys overall or long-term interests 15. This problem is further compounded by the dominant role the CEO plays in the relationship between the executive management and the Board. Whi le in board meetings the Board is technically supervising the CEO and his management team, the former have a large degree of control over the meetings. The CEO sets the agenda for board meetings and decides what information is to be provided to other directors. With this sort of control, it is very easy for the CEO to limit the powers of the Board 16. However, over the past few years, the dominance of the CEO has been challenged not only by the increasing influence of the board of directors 17,but also by legislation. A clear example of this can be seen from the requirement for the CEO to certify personally in quarterly and annual SEC reports that as far as they know these contain no untrue statements or omissions of material facts which might mislead shareholders and that the firms financial condition and results have been fairly presented 18. The Rights of Shareholders The ability of a shareholder to exercise its ownership rights and protect its investment is a key to the Anglo American model of corporate governance. Due to the fact that the focus of the Anglo American system focus is on the interest of shareholders, this model tends to focus on the nature of ownership and the ability of that ownership to protect its investment 0. One of the clear challenges which arise from the separation of ownership and management is to strike the right balance between the rights of the owners with the control of the managers 1. There are several mechanisms which the Anglo American model utilises to deal with this issue 2. These come in the form of rights which are afforded to the shareholders which enable them to monitor and control the managers of the corporation 3. The Anglo American model utilizes an outsider/arms length system of ownership and control, where share ownership is widely dispersed. Most of the largest corporations in the US and UK are quoted on the stock market and offer their shares to the general public 4. This sort of dispersed ownership is a main feature of this type of model. According to one study, less than one-fifth of the Britains publicly traded companies have an owner who controls more than 25% of the shares 5. It has been argued that the reason for this is because the general public in these co mmunities prefer not to own a high percentage of equities in large firms 6. Having said so, even countries who share a similar trend in ownerships are not always identical. For example, one major difference between the US and UK in terms of ownership is the stronger presence of institutional shareholders in the UK 7. This trend towards ownership by institutional shareholders has an impact on the efficiency of the Anglo American model. The institutional shareholder represents a large number of smaller investors and therefore has the clout to effectively monitor and address managerial misconduct 8. In the UK context, it has become conventional wisdom that prompting institutional investors to consider their responsibility as an important corporate constituent is an additional way to improve managerial accountability 9. Unfortunately, this has not always been the case primarily because many institutional shareholders are driven by short term strategies which may not have as their paramount concern the long term welfare of the corporation. As Hutton says, the consequence [of tax arrangements] has been a flood of institutional savings and acute demand for dividends and the foreshortening of investment time horizons 10. In addition, it has been shown that when dissatisfied with the performance of a corporation, many institutional shareholders would prefer to sell their shareholding than to play some sort of supervisory or monitoring role in the corporation 11. Another problem facing institutional shareholders is how to reconcile their roles as shareholders owning shares in many listed companies with their role as investors of funds 12. Given that their primary motivation is to make profit for their investors, they compete fiercely with each other to attract funds in order to ensure a high return on their investments 13. Consequently, when faced with mismanagement it is easier for them to sell than to hold management to account. Further, it has been argued that even when institutional shareholders were willing to intervene in the corporations affairs, there are practical obstacles which make it difficult for them to do so. One of these is what is commonly referred to as the motivation factor. Proctor and Miles define it as follows There is a disincentive for single institutional shareholders to expend time, effort and resources correcting what they perceive as bad management if other fellow institutional shareholders do not also support this action. Institutional shareholders have different priorities and agendas at any one time. It may be difficult to pool resources to tackle together what to some institutional shareholders may not be a problem at all. 14 In light of the challenges institutional shareholders face in monitoring management of companies, the Anglo American model can only be successful if there are other mechanisms in place which can be used to protect shareholders 15. The main focus of the Anglo American model is in the protection of shareholders 16. In this respect, both the UK and US system are similar in the way corporate directors and senior managers are held accountable to their shareholders 17. Both systems encourage shareholders to work as monitors over managers and senior executives 18. To facilitate this monitoring process, shareholders have many statutory rights and common law rights. The main right afforded to shareholders that provide them with a means of controlling the management of the company is their statutory right to vote on decisions at the Annual General Meeting (AGM) 19 . The AGM is an annual meeting which shareholders are entitled to attend 20. At this meeting, the shareholders are informed about the previous and future activities of the corporation 21. It is an opportunity for them to receive copies of the companys accounts as well as review fiscal information for the past year and ask any questions regarding the directions the business will take in the future 22. In addition, the shareholders are able to elect the Board of Directors 23. This right is designed to operate as a check on the managerial actions of the Board of Directors and executive management. Shareholders are able to participate in discussion regarding the companys welfare and vote on important affairs relating to the company 24. While the right to vote at a corporations AGM may at first glance appears to be an effective means for shareholders to protect their interest, in practical terms this is often not the case. Publicly held companies usually consist of a large number of small owners who own very small fractions of the corporations shares 25. Having a small proportion of the corporate equity means that shareholders have little influence on managerial decisions 26. Furthermore, due to the fact that their shareholding is insignificant, it is unlikely to give them any real power at AGMs where they are suppose to be able to exercise their legal rights. As a result, many shareholders are not incentivised to attend AGMs. For this reason, the Anglo American model has additional mechanisms which are designed to enhance the control of the managers by shareholders. Most, if not all, of these legal and organisational safeguards have been devised in response to abuses of corporate power by managers who fail to put t he interests of shareholders first. These mechanisms are intended to encourage minority shareholders to be active in protecting their rights and holding directors accountable for actions 27. The three main mechanisms which will be discussed below are cumulate voting, appraisal rights and shareholders derivative action 28. Cumulative voting is a process by which minority shareholders are permitted to cast all their votes in the election of directors for a single candidate 29. Through this process, the power of the minority is strengthened because they are able to pool their votes together and secure a member of the Board who they feel confident will look after their interests in the corporation 30. Shareholders are also given the right to seek appraisal of their shares in certain fundamental transactions for example where a merger takes place. In these circumstances, a shareholder can seek a court valuation of their shares based upon fair value and be paid in cash 31. This right to sell ones shares can be seen as a protective measure for shareholders, because it encourages directors to seek the highest price in such transactions so as to avoid several shareholders exercising this right 32. Having said so, there are some disadvantages to this right. In most cases the methods of valuation are conservative and therefore shareholders do not necessarily benefit in real terms. The process is time consuming and payments need not be made until the process is complete. Attorneys and experts fees can be high and interest is not assured. Of all of these rights, the derivative suit against directors is probably the strongest tool which can be used by shareholders, particularly minority shareholders. A derivative suit is a claim brought by a shareholder on behalf of the corporation against parties allegedly causing harm to the corporation 33 . This right strengthens the position of shareholders, in particular minority shareholders. As a common law country where case law principles are well developed and where shareholders are said to be better protected, judicial intervention is believed to be an essential element of good corporate governance. A derivative action would not be effective unless the management of a corporation has a duty to its shareholders. The board of directors is a critical part of the corporation and as a result must be held to account to the corporations owners if good corporate governance is to prevail. In the UK, directors are subject to common law fiduciary duties and case law still plays a central role in holding managers and board of directors accountable to the corporation as a separate legal entity. Seeing the relationship between the directors and shareholders as one of agency implies that directors should be elected by shareholders and can be dismissed by them at the AGM. The focus therefore is clearly on ensuring that those who manage the corporation are always acting in the best interest of the corporations shareholders. The lean of the Anglo American system to protect the interests of shareholders is most evident when looking at the manner in which it deals with takeovers and acquisitions of corporations. In instances where there is a takeover bid, shareholders need to be given an opportunity to decide on the merits of a takeover so as to ensure that shareholders of the same class are afforded equivalent treatment by an offeror and thus are being treated fairly. The Anglo American model therefore provides a degree of protection to shareholders in instances where a corporation is subject to a takeover bid. For example, in the UK, the City Code on Takeovers and Mergers 7777 (the City Code) ensures that shareholders are treated fairly and are not denied an opportunity to protect their interest 8888. The City Code essentially essentially all defensive actions when a takeover bid is pending or when the target has reason to believe that a bona fide offer might be imminent 9999. Once a bid is made, any defensive action requires shareholder approval. This means management of the corporation cannot supersede the interests of its shareholder, who so ever it shall be. UK case law emphasises that the fundamental decision on takeovers belongs to shareholders, not incumbent managers and generally holds that management actions which go against shareholders rights are not pursuant to a proper purpose and therefore fall outside the scope of the delegated management authority afforded by the common law. Disclosure and Transparency Disclosure and transparency are important in managing the relationship between shareholders on the one hand and the executive management on the other. Shareholders have a right to make decisions in relation to the corporation based on information that is accurate and correct 1. This is the only way they can be sure that the corporation is being managed properly. Financial reporting frauds have attracted high-profile attention recently provoked by widespread irregularities at large corporations 2. It is managements responsibility to prevent such problems before they begin 31. To do so, it is necessary to establish a control environment designed to identify and immediately stamp out any fraudulent reporting that does occur 32. One of the tools which is used to protect shareholders interests in this respect is the audit committee 3. An audit committee is an operating committee of the Board of Directors charged with oversight of financial reporting and disclosure 4 . Committee members are drawn from members of the companys board of directors, with a Chairperson selected from among the committee members 33. To be effective, the committee must be composed of independent outside directors with at least one qualifying as a financial expert 34. The audit committee plays an important role as a board subcommittee. The Smith Report 5 explains its role as follows: While all directors have a duty to act in the interests of the company, the audit committee has a particular role, acting independently from the executive, to ensure that the interests of shareholders are properly protected in relation to financial reporting and internal control. An analysis of the corporate governance codes of twenty European countries by Collier and Zaman (2005) 6 showed that their codes assign a set of functions which should be fulfilled by an audit committee as follows: a) oversight of external audit; b) oversight of internal audit; c) involvement in external auditor selection or dismissal; d) oversight of risk and internal control reporting by the board; and e) oversight of financial reporting quality. In carrying out these functions, the committee operates as a liaison between the Board, external auditors, internal auditors, the finance director and the operating 7 . They are for all intents and purposes the final safeguard in ensuring the financial statements of the corporation which are released to shareholders and other stakeholders are accurate. The Board often relies on the audit committee to notice and question any unusual business practices, aggressive accounting methods or violations of the companys code of business conduct. But at many companies audit committee members may not have the expertise in matters of internal control 8. In addition, some people serving on audit committees have very little accounting or financial experience 9. Accordingly, audit committee members need a reference guide to their responsibilities. That is the function of an audit committee charter 10. A comprehensive charter enhances the effectiveness of the audit committee, serving as a road map fo r committee members 11. A well-thought-out charter also should describe the committees composition and specify access to appropriate resources. OECD PRINCIPLES Good corporate governance is key to the integrity of corporations, financial institutions and markets 1. They also play an important role in promoting the health and stability of a states economy. Many international organizations have come to understand the importance of good corporate governance including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2. To this end, the OECD established the first set of internationally acceptable standards of corporate governance, known as the OECD Principles, which have become a reference point used by both developed and developing countries not only for self-assessment but also for issuing and developing codes of best practice 3. The OECD work in corporate governance is centered on promoting the implementation of these principles throughout the world. They are arguably one of the most substantial efforts made to highlight the importance which should be given to corporate governance. The OECD Principles were first released in 1999 and revised in 2004 4. It sets out the key standards of corporate governance which are required for international financial stability. The Principles are intended to assist governments to evaluate and improve the legal, institutional and regulatory framework for corporate governance in their own countries 5. The Principles primarily focus on publicly traded companies, but provide a good guideline for other forms of corporations. The main principles of the OECD Principles 6are: The corporate governance framework should promote transparent and efficient markets, be consistent with the rule of law and clearly articulate the division of responsibilities among different supervisory, regulatory and enforcement authorities. The corporate governance framework should protect and facilitate the exercise of shareholders rights. The corporate governance framework should ensure the equitable treatment of all shareholders, including minority and foreign shareholders. All shareholders should have the opportunity to obtain effective redress for violation of their rights. The corporate governance framework should recognise the rights of stakeholders established by law or through mutual agreements and encourage active co-operation between corporations and stakeholders in creating wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises. The corporate governance framework should ensure that timely and accurate disclosure is made on all material matters regarding the corporation, including the financial situation, performance, ownership, and governance of the company. The corporate governance framework should ensure the strategic guidance of the company, the effective monitoring of management by the board, and the boards accountability to the company and the shareholders. In addition to the OECD, business-related organizations like the Centre for International Private Enterprise have also considered corporate governance to be important in the promotion of good business practices 7. The Centre has an affiliate located in Egypt which was established to educate, raise the awareness of the importance of establishing suitable corporate governance standards in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. 8

Lesson Plan Social Studies

Student Teaching Lesson Plan Template Subject: Social Studies | Topic: Who Where the first Americans? | NCSCOS/Common Core Objective: The learner will acquire strategies for reading social studies materials and for increasing social studies vocabulary. 1. 01 Read for literal meaning. 1. 02 Summarize to select main ideas. 1. 03 Draw inferences. 1. 04 Detect cause and effect. The learner will analyze important geographic, political, economic, and social aspects of life in the region prior to the Revolutionary Period. 1. 01 Assess the impact of geography on the settlement and developing economy of the Carolina colony. . 02 Identify and describe American Indians who inhabited the regions that became Carolina and assess their impact on the colony. 1. 03 Compare and contrast the relative importance of differing economic, geographic, religious, and political motives for European exploration. | Date submitted: 10/27/11 Date taught: 11/1/11 – 1/3/2011| Daily Lesson Objective: Students will be able to: State who the first Americans were. Experience customs of first American families. Understand how first American communities have changed. Identify the different regions where the Indians lived in North Carolina.Connect first American customs to their own experience. Develop their English listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. | 21st Century Skills: Global Awareness, Critical thinking and problem solving:| Rationale/Purpose: Students need to understand the culture and history behind the native American community. Student need to know America’s beginning history and who its first inhabitants were. Students can benefit from understanding Native American culture and finding similarities within their own culture. | Activity| Description of Activities and Setting| Time| 1. Focus and Review | Journal Prompt: Who were the first Americans?Get students warmed up, writing and talking in preparation for class. | 10 min| 2. Statement of Objective for Student| Last quarter we learned about the geography of North Carolina. We learned important terms and facts about the state of North Carolina. This Quarter we are learning about the first Americans, How they got to America and what happened after they arrived in America. | 5 min| 3. Teacher Input | The new unit lesson is introduced to students. Introduce lesson and go through PPT. Review lesson material previously taught. Emphasis new terms. Have students repeat terms, definitions, and lesson details. 30 min| 4. Guided Practice | Call on individual students to answer questions embedded in presentation. Praise correct choices and re-teach incorrect choices to entire class. Students are asked to define terms and re-state relevant facts. | 30 min| 5. Independent Practice | Students are asked to come up to the board and choose the correct answer from a multiple choice format. Other students are asked if the choices are correct or incorrect. If incorrect, the other student is asked to correct th e answer. Students are asked to practice the terms introduced in this lesson by copying each term three times.Students are given worksheets to complete| 15 min| 6. Assessment Methods: 21st Century Skills and Lesson Objective| Global Awareness, Critical thinking and problem solving: Tests are checked for accuracy and scored. | 5 min| 7. Closure| Discuss upcoming lessons and classroom expectation. Review classroom procedures and daily itinerary. | 5 min| 8. Assessment Results: 21st Century Skills and Lesson Objective| Global Awareness, Critical thinking and problem solving: Assess writing samples, choice making and levels of assistance needed to produce appropriate writing samples, Identify stronger writers in the classroom. Student(s) & Modifications/Accommodations:1. Students are asked questions that correspond with learning levels. Some students are asked open ended questions and given choices after 30 sec of no attempt to response while other students are immediately given verbal/ visual choices. 2. Student unable to write complete sentences are assisted with forming sentences a loud verbally in class then asked to copy the correct sentences from the smart board. 3.Non verbal students are immediately assisted by instructor or Para professional and given choices. Once student makes a choice the response is then recorded by staff. | | Student/Small Group| Student/Small Group| | | Differentiation:Students are asked to approach smart board and make choices. Students are asked questions in yes or no format. Assistance is varied according to learning levels . i. e. choices are given, answers written for students to copy, and hand over hand assistance. | Differentiation:|

10 College Tips for Freshman Women

The best advice usually comes from someone whos been there, done that. So for guidance on how to make the most of your first year at college, who better to ask than a graduating senior? Emma Bilello shares insights shaped by personal experience in the first of three articles addressing the specific concerns of female students during freshman year. The following 10 tips can help ease the transition from high school to college and provide a heads-up on what to expect. Remember That First Impressions Can Be Misleading   At college, you are exposed to a whole new spectrum of different people from all over, many of whom are just as eager as you to make friends. Sometimes, though, the people you associate with during those first few weeks dont end up being the same group of friends you keep during your time in college. Get to know a person before you tell them things about yourself that you may not want everyone to know. This can go for guys you encounter as well. You may find yourself getting hurt if you believe a guy every time he tells you that he wants to spend the rest of his life with you. It is important, though, to not question the intentions of every person you meet. Give the College Experience a Chance Whether were talking about the people you meet or the college you attend, keep in mind that first impressions are not only misleading but can make you doubt yourself and your decision. Between missing your family and friends, and confronting the new-found academic challenges higher education brings, it is easy to believe that you hate college itself, or even the college you go to. While it may be rough in the beginning, if you allow yourself to look at the positives of being at college rather than the negatives, you will find your experience in the first few months to be a lot more enjoyable. Get involved with clubs or student government and go to events at your school to make new friends and get comfortable with the new environment youre in. Look at the change in difficulty of the coursework as challenging rather than impossible, and think of it as an opportunity to use your academic skills to their fullest potential. Of course, if you find yourself constantly struggling, seek help from your professor or teaching assistant. Dont Let Homesickness Consume You While its important to keep in contact with your family and friends back home, it is also completely natural (and expected) that youll be homesick. When we woke up the very first morning of my freshman year, the first thing we did was call home because we already missed our family. However, it is crucial not to immerse yourself in your life back home to the point where it begins to hinder your school work and your ability to make new friends. Cell phones, social networking sites, and programs such as Skype make it easier than ever to stay connected, but be sure to limit your use of these tools. Remember that there are plenty of other new college students who feel the exact same way you do (this may even be grounds for starting a conversation) and it will be hard to get to know some of them if youre ruminating on how much you want to be back home. Prioritize There are a lot of new experiences waiting for a girl when she starts college: new friends, roommates, different places, etc. With all of these new things happening all at once, it can be easy to get distracted. Although it is important to socialize and engage in activities outside of academic areas, it is equally important to remember that one of the main reasons you are in college is to get an education. Although going shopping with new friends is a lot more appealing than studying for an exam, in the long run the latter is the better choice. Similarly, avoiding procrastination is another often-stressed but key tip for being successful in college. If you develop time management skills as a freshman, even if you struggled in high school you are more than likely to keep these good habits throughout your college career. Be Aware of Your Surroundings This sounds like a given, but in a situation involving lots of people, it can be easy to lose track of what may be happening around you. If you are drinking at a party, opt to mix or pour your own drink or watch the person who is doing the mixing or pouring. If you have to step away from your drink for a few minutes, ask someone you trust to guard it or even hold it for you. Whether youre with a group or on your own, knowing what types of situations may put you at greater risk of rape or sexual assault on campus can help you avoid those scenarios. Go with your gut instincts and dont be afraid to look over your shoulder every once in a while when you are walking, especially if you are alone. Take Action to Protect Yourself   If you engage in consensual sexual activity at any time, make sure that you use protection. It is important to make sure that your partner is aware that you want to take this precaution upfront. If he refuses to condone to this, then simply dont get involved with him. Make sure you stand your ground with this decision too; dont give into the temptation of changing your mind if your partner tries to persuade you otherwise, or even if he verbally puts you down. Unwanted pregnancy is not the only reason for this; according to the Sexual Health Awareness Group, college students have a high vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases. More and more colleges across the country are making condoms easily accessible to students -- some even provide them for free. Dont Be Afraid to Say No   We have found that college can sometimes be just as much of a cooker for peer pressure as high school, and it can be easier to give in because there isnt always a person of authority in close proximity. If you find yourself in a situation that is making you even a little uncomfortable or if you feel that it might lead to something that will make you uncomfortable, dont be afraid to say no or even remove yourself from the situation entirely. Be Wise During Night Time Travels   At times, you may find yourself having to venture around your campus at night, whether its for an evening class or a late-night snack. Whatever the reason, if you find yourself having to walk somewhere at night, bring a friend with you whenever possible. If this isnt an option,  make sure you have your cell phone with you  and have your campuss security number programmed in your phone. Walk in a well-lit area and avoid shortcuts that take you into dark or less-traveled areas, no matter how convenient they may seem. Try Not to Act on Impulse This tip can apply to any of the areas mentioned previously. Think through a situation as thoroughly as you can before making a decision to do (or not do) something. Sleeping in instead of going to class may seem appealing at eight in the morning, but when your absences start to stack up and affect your grade, youre going to wish that you had simply gotten out of bed and gone to class. (We have found that once we drag ourselves out of bed and get moving in the morning, the tiredness quickly wears off, sometimes as soon as I leave my dorm.) Having unprotected sex may come across as more convenient or fun at first, but there can be serious consequences involved. Taking a few minutes to think a decision through before you act is a lot easier than dealing with the aftereffects of something that seemed like a good idea at the time. Be Aware of the Resources Available to You Just because youre in college and are considered an adult doesnt mean that it isnt okay to ask for help. Whether it be academic or personal, your college is full of people or groups that are willing to accommodate you in any area that you may need. If you arent sure who exactly you can go to for help, ask someone -- such as your Resident Advisor -- to direct you to the appropriate person or people. Sources Meyerson, Jamie.  Testing, Prevention Important For Lowering College STD Rates.  Cornell Daily Sun. 26 March 2008.